Textbook Question
Identify each step in glycolysis that is an isomerization.
Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 22, Problem 7
Use curved arrows (like those in Figure 22.3) to write an equation for the conversion of fructose to fructose 6-phosphate by ATP. At what step does fructose 6-phosphate enter glycolysis?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the reaction: The conversion of fructose to fructose 6-phosphate involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose. This is a phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, typically a kinase.
Draw the structures: Represent the structure of fructose and ATP. Fructose is a six-carbon sugar, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains three phosphate groups. Identify the hydroxyl group on the fructose molecule that will accept the phosphate group.
Use curved arrows: Use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons during the reaction. Specifically, show the nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group on the terminal phosphate group of ATP, leading to the formation of fructose 6-phosphate and ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
Write the chemical equation: Represent the reaction as follows: .
Determine glycolysis entry: Fructose 6-phosphate enters glycolysis at the second step of the pathway, where it is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Curved Arrows in Organic Chemistry
Curved arrows are used in organic chemistry to represent the movement of electrons during chemical reactions. They indicate the direction of electron flow, helping to visualize how bonds are formed or broken. In the context of converting fructose to fructose 6-phosphate, these arrows illustrate the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose.
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Introduction to Organic Chemistry Concept 1
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, which often alters the molecule's function and activity. In this case, ATP donates a phosphate group to fructose, converting it into fructose 6-phosphate. This modification is crucial for activating the sugar for subsequent metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis.
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Glycolysis Entry Point
Fructose 6-phosphate is an important intermediate in glycolysis, entering the pathway after its formation from fructose. It is converted into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase, marking a key regulatory step in glycolysis. Understanding this entry point is essential for grasping how carbohydrates are metabolized for energy.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
In alcoholic fermentation, each mole of pyruvate is converted to one mole of carbon dioxide and one mole of ethanol. In the process, about 50 kcal/mol (209 kJ/mol) of energy is produced. Under the most favorable conditions, more than one-half of this energy is stored as ATP.
a. What happens to the remaining energy produced in alcoholic fermentation?
Textbook Question
Name the following pathways:
c. Pathway for synthesis of glucose from lactate
Textbook Question
Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces 8 ATP molecules. How many ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis of 10 glucose molecules?
Textbook Question
In Figure 22.3, compare the starting compound (glucose) and the final product (pyruvate).
a. Which is oxidized to a greater extent?
Textbook Question
Pyruvate has three different fates. What are the three different molecules pyruvate is converted into? What conditions exist for the formation of each product?