Textbook Question
The diagram to the right shows plots of vapor pressure versus temperature for a solvent and a solution.
b. What is the approximate boiling-point elevation for the solution?
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Ch.9 Solutions
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 9, Problem 25
What is the osmolarity of the following solutions?
a. 0.35 M KBr
b. 0.15 M glucose + 0.05 M K2SO4
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the concept of osmolarity. Osmolarity is a measure of the total number of solute particles in a solution. It is calculated by multiplying the molarity of each solute by the number of particles it dissociates into in solution, then summing up the contributions of all solutes.
Step 2: For part (a), determine the dissociation of KBr. Potassium bromide (KBr) is an ionic compound that dissociates completely in water into two ions: K⁺ and Br⁻. Therefore, the number of particles per formula unit is 2.
Step 3: Calculate the osmolarity for 0.35 M KBr. Multiply the molarity of KBr (0.35 M) by the number of particles it dissociates into (2). Use the formula: \( \text{Osmolarity} = \text{Molarity} \times \text{Number of particles} \).
Step 4: For part (b), analyze the dissociation of each solute. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is a molecular compound that does not dissociate in water, so it contributes 1 particle per formula unit. Potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) is an ionic compound that dissociates into 3 ions: 2 K⁺ and 1 SO₄²⁻.
Step 5: Calculate the osmolarity for the mixture in part (b). For glucose, the contribution is \( 0.15 \times 1 \). For K₂SO₄, the contribution is \( 0.05 \times 3 \). Add these contributions together to find the total osmolarity: \( \text{Osmolarity} = (0.15 \times 1) + (0.05 \times 3) \).
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Osmolarity
Osmolarity is a measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution. It is expressed in osmoles per liter (osmol/L) and accounts for all particles that contribute to the solution's osmotic pressure. For ionic compounds, osmolarity is calculated by considering the number of ions produced when the compound dissociates in solution.
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Osmolarity
Ionic Dissociation
Ionic dissociation refers to the process by which an ionic compound separates into its constituent ions when dissolved in a solvent, typically water. For example, potassium bromide (KBr) dissociates into K⁺ and Br⁻ ions. Understanding how many ions a compound produces upon dissociation is crucial for calculating its osmolarity.
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Non-Electrolytes vs. Electrolytes
Non-electrolytes are substances that do not dissociate into ions in solution, such as glucose, while electrolytes do dissociate, like KBr and K₂SO₄. This distinction is important for osmolarity calculations, as non-electrolytes contribute only their molecular concentration, whereas electrolytes contribute based on the total number of ions formed from their dissociation.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The diagram to the right shows plots of vapor pressure versus temperature for a solvent and a solution.
c. What is the approximate concentration of the solution in mol/kg, if 1 mol of solute particles raises the boiling point of 1 kg of solvent by 3.63 °C?
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Textbook Question
A typical oral rehydration solution (ORS) for infants contains 90 mEq/L Na+, 20 mEq/L K+, 110 mEq/L Cl– and 2.0% (m/v) glucose (MW = 180g/mol).
b. What is the osmolarity of the solution, and how does it compare with the osmolarity of blood plasma?
Textbook Question
When 1.0 mol of HF is dissolved in 1.0 kg of water, the boiling point of the resulting solution is 100.5 °C. Is HF a strong or weak electrolyte? Explain.
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Textbook Question
A typical oral rehydration solution (ORS) for infants contains 90 mEq/L Na+ , 20 mEq/L K+ , 110 mEq/L Cl- , and 2.0% (m/v) glucose (MW = 180g/mol)
a. Calculate the concentration of each ORS component in units of molarity.
Textbook Question
Assume that two liquids are separated by a semipermeable membrane, with pure solvent on the right side and a solution of a solute on the left side. Make a drawing that shows the situation after equilibrium is reached.
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