Textbook Question
What reactive chemical groups are found at the 5' and 3' carbons of nucleotides? What is the name of the bond formed when nucleotides are joined in a single strand? Is this bond covalent or noncovalent?
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Ch. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution64
- Ch. 2 - Transmission Genetics144
- Ch. 3 - Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity81
- Ch. 4 - Gene Interaction87
- Ch. 5 - Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes103
- Ch. 6 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages73
- Ch. 7 - DNA Structure and Replication71
- Ch. 8 - Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing79
- Ch. 9 - The Molecular Biology of Translation110
- Ch. 10 - Eukaryotic Chromosome Abnormalities and Molecular Organization100
- Ch. 11 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination86
- Ch. 12 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage90
- Ch. 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes38
- Ch. 14 - Analysis of Gene Function via Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics72
- Ch. 15 - Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Applications69
- Ch. 16 - Genomics: Genetics from a Whole-Genome Perspective49
- Ch. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes27
- Ch. 18 - Developmental Genetics43
- Ch. 19 - Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits66
- Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels105
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Sanders 3rd EditionCh. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and EvolutionProblem 15
Sanders 3rd EditionCh. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and EvolutionProblem 15Chapter 1, Problem 15
If thymine makes up 21% of the DNA nucleotides in the genome of a plant species, what are the percentages of the other nucleotides in the genome?
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span>Step 1: Understand Chargaff's rules, which state that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to guanine (G).
span>Step 2: Given that thymine (T) makes up 21% of the DNA, according to Chargaff's rules, adenine (A) will also make up 21% of the DNA.
span>Step 3: Calculate the combined percentage of adenine (A) and thymine (T) in the DNA, which is 21% + 21% = 42%.
span>Step 4: Since the total percentage of all nucleotides must equal 100%, calculate the remaining percentage for cytosine (C) and guanine (G) by subtracting the combined percentage of adenine and thymine from 100%: 100% - 42% = 58%.
span>Step 5: Divide the remaining percentage equally between cytosine (C) and guanine (G), since they are present in equal amounts according to Chargaff's rules: 58% / 2 = 29% for each.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Base Pairing Rules
In DNA, the base pairing rules dictate that adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). This means that the percentage of adenine in the DNA will be equal to the percentage of thymine. Therefore, if thymine constitutes 21% of the nucleotides, adenine will also make up 21%.
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Base Distortions
Chargaff's Rules
Chargaff's rules state that in any given DNA molecule, the amount of adenine equals thymine, and the amount of cytosine equals guanine. This principle is crucial for calculating the percentages of the other nucleotides when one nucleotide's percentage is known, as it establishes a predictable relationship between the bases.
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Total Percentage of Nucleotides
The total percentage of all four nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in a DNA molecule must equal 100%. By knowing the percentages of adenine and thymine, one can deduce the percentages of cytosine and guanine by subtracting the known percentages from 100%, ensuring that the total adds up correctly.
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