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Fundamentals of Genetics definitions

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  • DNA
    Molecule composed of four bases forming a double helix, serving as the blueprint for genetic information.
  • Chromosome
    Structure carrying genetic material, found in pairs or single copies, essential for inheritance.
  • Homologous Chromosome
    Pair of similar structures containing the same genes, one from each parent, crucial for diploid organisms.
  • Diploid
    State of having two sets of chromosomes, typically represented as 2n, characteristic of most body cells.
  • Haploid
    State of having a single set of chromosomes, represented as n, found in gametes.
  • Gene
    Segment of DNA encoding proteins or traits, often regulated by specific elements controlling expression.
  • Allele
    Variant form of a gene, responsible for differences in traits such as color or function.
  • Gamete
    Sex cell, such as sperm or egg, carrying half the genetic material for reproduction.
  • Meiosis
    Cell division process producing four haploid cells from a diploid cell, enabling sexual reproduction.
  • Genotype
    Set of alleles present in an individual, determining potential traits but not always visible.
  • Phenotype
    Observable characteristics or traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.
  • Somatic Cell
    Any cell forming the body of an organism except for gametes, typically diploid in humans.
  • Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
    Principle stating that genes are located on chromosomes, which are passed to offspring.
  • Transmission Genetics
    Branch focusing on inheritance patterns and how traits are passed between generations.
  • Molecular Genetics
    Field examining gene activity and processes like replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level.
  • Population Genetics
    Study of genetic variation and distribution within and between groups of organisms.