Write the nuclear equation for the most likely mode of decay for each unstable nuclide. a. Ru-114 c. Zn-58 d. Ne-31

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Identify the type of decay: Determine the most likely mode of decay for Ru-114. Since it is a neutron-rich nuclide, beta decay (β-) is a common mode of decay for such isotopes.

Write the beta decay equation: In beta decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, and a beta particle (electron) and an antineutrino are emitted. The atomic number increases by 1, while the mass number remains the same.

Determine the daughter nuclide: For Ru-114, the atomic number of ruthenium (Ru) is 44. After beta decay, the atomic number becomes 45, which corresponds to the element rhodium (Rh).

Write the nuclear equation: Represent the decay process as follows: \[ \text{^{114}_{44}Ru} \rightarrow \text{^{114}_{45}Rh} + \beta^- + \bar{\nu}_e \]

Verify the equation: Ensure that the mass numbers and atomic numbers are balanced on both sides of the equation. The mass number is 114 on both sides, and the atomic numbers are 44 (Ru) and 45 (Rh) + (-1 for the beta particle).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Nuclear Decay

Nuclear decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation. This can occur through various modes, including alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Each mode involves the transformation of the nucleus, resulting in the emission of particles or electromagnetic radiation, leading to the formation of a different nuclide.

Nuclear Equations

Nuclear equations represent the changes that occur during nuclear reactions, including decay processes. They typically show the initial nuclide, the emitted particles, and the resulting nuclide. For example, in beta decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, and an electron (beta particle) is emitted, which can be represented in a balanced equation format.

Isotopes and Stability

Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. The stability of an isotope depends on the ratio of neutrons to protons; an unstable isotope, like Ru-114, may undergo decay to achieve a more stable configuration. Understanding the stability of isotopes is crucial for predicting their decay modes and writing accurate nuclear equations.

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Textbook Question

Write the nuclear equation for the most likely mode of decay for each unstable nuclide. b. Ra-216

Textbook Question

Suppose a patient is given 1.55 mg of I-131, a beta emitter with a half-life of 8.0 days. Assuming that none of the I-131 is eliminated from the person's body in the first 4.0 hours of treatment, what is the exposure (in Ci) during those first four hours?

Textbook Question

Complete each nuclear equation and calculate the energy change (in J/mol of reactant) associated with each (Be-9 = 9.012182 amu, Bi-209 = 208.980384 amu, He-4 = 4.002603 amu, Li-6 = 6.015122 amu, Ni-64 = 63.927969 amu, Rg-272 = 272.1535 amu, Ta-179 = 178.94593 amu, and W-179 = 178.94707 amu). a. _____ + ⁹₄Be → ⁶₃Li + ⁴₂He