Textbook Question
Match the following descriptions with the type of bond (ionic, nonpolar covalent, covalent). (a) One or more electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal atom.
Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures
McMurry8th EditionChemistryISBN: 9781292336145
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Chemical Tools: Experimentation & Measurement170
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules & Ions160
- Ch.3 - Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions169
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution199
- Ch.5 - Periodicity & Electronic Structure of Atoms102
- Ch.6 - Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory92
- Ch.7 - Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures61
- Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure59
- Ch.9 - Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy122
- Ch.10 - Gases: Their Properties & Behavior155
- Ch.11 - Liquids & Phase Changes54
- Ch.12 - Solids and Solid-State Materials73
- Ch.13 - Solutions & Their Properties120
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics98
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium125
- Ch.16 - Aqueous Equilibria: Acids & Bases110
- Ch.17 - Applications of Aqueous Equilibria147
- Ch.18 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy & Equilibrium86
- Ch.19 - Electrochemistry154
- Ch.20 - Nuclear Chemistry96
- Ch.21 - Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry156
- Ch.22 - The Main Group Elements187
- Ch.23 - Organic and Biological Chemistry51
Chapter 7, Problem 34
Electrostatic potential maps of acetaldehyde (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), ethanol (C2H6O), and fluorethane (C2H5F) are shown. Which do you think is which? (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the molecules: acetaldehyde (C2H4O), ethane (C2H6), ethanol (C2H6O), and fluoroethane (C2H5F).
Understand that the electrostatic potential map shows regions of electron density, with red indicating regions of high electron density (negative potential) and blue indicating regions of low electron density (positive potential).
Analyze the given electrostatic potential map: the red region suggests a highly electronegative atom or group.
Compare the structures of the molecules: acetaldehyde has a carbonyl group (C=O), ethanol has a hydroxyl group (OH), fluoroethane has a fluorine atom (F), and ethane is a simple hydrocarbon with no highly electronegative atoms.
Determine which molecule corresponds to the given map by matching the regions of high electron density (red) to the presence of electronegative atoms or groups in the molecular structures.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Electrostatic Potential Maps
Electrostatic potential maps visually represent the distribution of electron density in a molecule. Areas of high electron density appear in red, indicating regions of negative charge, while blue areas represent low electron density or positive charge. These maps help in understanding molecular polarity and reactivity, which are crucial for predicting how molecules will interact with each other.
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Kinetic & Potential Energy
Molecular Structure and Functional Groups
The molecular structure of compounds, including their functional groups, significantly influences their chemical properties and behavior. For instance, acetaldehyde contains a carbonyl group, while ethanol has a hydroxyl group. Recognizing these functional groups allows for the identification of molecules based on their electrostatic potential maps, as different groups will affect electron distribution differently.
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Polarity and Intermolecular Forces
Polarity arises from the uneven distribution of electron density within a molecule, leading to partial positive and negative charges. This polarity affects intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Understanding these concepts is essential for predicting the physical properties of substances, such as boiling points and solubility, which can be inferred from their electrostatic potential maps.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
The following ball-and-stick molecular model is a representation of thalidomide, a drug that causes birth defects when taken by expectant mothers but is valuable for its use against leprosy. The lines indicate only the connections between atoms, not whether the bonds are single, double, or triple. (Red = O, gray = C, blue = N, ivory = H). Give the formula of thalidomide, and indicate the positions of multiple bonds and lone pairs.
Textbook Question
Characterize bonds between the two atoms as covalent or ionic.(a) Cl and F(b) Rb and F(c) Na and S (d) N and S
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Textbook Question
Two electrostatic potential maps are shown, one of methyl-lithium (CH3Li) and the other of chloromethane (CH3Cl). Based on their polarity patterns, which do you think is which? (a)
(b)
Textbook Question
The following diagram shows the potential energy of two atoms as a function of internuclear distance. Which bond is the strongest? Which bond is the longest?
Textbook Question
The following diagram shows the potential energy of two atoms as a function of internuclear distance. Match the descriptions with the indicated letter on the plot.(a) Repulsive forces are high between the two atoms. (b) The two atoms neither exert attractive nor repulsive forces on one another.(c) The attractive forces between atoms are maximized, resulting in the lowest energy state.(d) Attractive forces between atoms are present but are not at maximum strength.