Textbook Question
Which neutral atom is isoelectronic with each of the following ions? Ga3+, Zr4+, Mn7+, I−, Pb2+.
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Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement177
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions231
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry216
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution189
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry175
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms168
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements150
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding177
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories200
- Ch.10 - Gases179
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces113
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials154
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions157
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics199
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium128
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria164
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria163
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment105
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics164
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry171
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry122
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals82
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry79
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry16
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 7, Problem 28
Explain the following variations in atomic or ionic radii: (a) I- > I > I+ (b) Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ (c) Fe > Fe2+ > Fe3+
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the concept of atomic and ionic radii. Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell of an atom. Ionic radius is similar but refers to the size of an ion, which can be larger or smaller than the atomic radius depending on whether the ion is an anion (gains electrons) or a cation (loses electrons).
Step 2: Analyze the trend in (a) I- > I > I+. Iodine (I) is a neutral atom, I- is an anion with an extra electron, and I+ is a cation with one less electron. Adding an electron to form I- increases electron-electron repulsion, expanding the electron cloud and increasing the radius. Removing an electron to form I+ reduces repulsion and the electron cloud contracts, decreasing the radius.
Step 3: Examine the trend in (b) Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Be2+. These are all cations of elements in the same group (alkaline earth metals) but different periods. As you move up the group from Ca to Be, the number of electron shells decreases, leading to a smaller ionic radius. Additionally, the effective nuclear charge increases, pulling the remaining electrons closer to the nucleus.
Step 4: Consider the trend in (c) Fe > Fe2+ > Fe3+. Iron (Fe) is a neutral atom, Fe2+ is a cation with two electrons removed, and Fe3+ has three electrons removed. Each removal of an electron reduces electron-electron repulsion and increases the effective nuclear charge per electron, causing the electron cloud to contract and the ionic radius to decrease.
Step 5: Summarize the general principle: For anions, gaining electrons increases the ionic radius due to increased repulsion, while for cations, losing electrons decreases the ionic radius due to reduced repulsion and increased effective nuclear charge. Additionally, within a group, ionic radii decrease with fewer electron shells and increased nuclear charge.
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Atomic radius refers to the size of an atom, typically measured from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell. Ionic radius is the size of an ion, which can differ from the atomic radius due to the loss or gain of electrons. Cations (positively charged ions) are generally smaller than their neutral atoms because the loss of electrons reduces electron-electron repulsion, while anions (negatively charged ions) are larger due to increased repulsion from added electrons.
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03:07
Ranking Ionic Radii
Trends in Ionic Size
Ionic size trends can be understood through the concepts of effective nuclear charge and electron shielding. As you move across a period, the effective nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer and reducing ionic size. Conversely, as you move down a group, additional electron shells increase shielding, leading to larger ionic radii despite the increase in nuclear charge.
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02:47Ionic Radius
Oxidation States and Their Effects
The oxidation state of an element affects its ionic radius due to changes in electron configuration. For transition metals like iron, the loss of electrons when forming cations leads to a decrease in size. For example, Fe3+ is smaller than Fe2+ because the removal of additional electrons increases the effective nuclear charge on the remaining electrons, pulling them closer to the nucleus.
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02:31Photoelectric Effect
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Use data from Appendix C, Figure 7.10, and Figure 7.12 to calculate the lattice energy of RbCl.
Textbook Question
Identify each statement as true or false: (b) Li+ is smaller than Li.
Textbook Question
Some ions do not have a corresponding neutral atom that has the same electron configuration. For each of the following ions, identify the neutral atom that has the same number of electrons and determine if this atom has the same electron configuration. (a) CI−, (b) Sc3+, (c) Fe2+, (d) Zn2+, (e) Sn4+.
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Textbook Question
Identify each statement as true or false: (c) Cl- is bigger than I-.
Textbook Question
Identify each statement as true or false: (a) Cations are larger than their corresponding neutral atoms.