What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the following quantum numbers? (a) n = 3, ml = -1; (b) n = 4, l = 2; (c) n = 4, l = 3, ml = -2; (d) n = 5, l = 2, ml = 0.

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1. The quantum numbers describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons in those orbitals. They are: the principal quantum number (n), the azimuthal quantum number (l), the magnetic quantum number (ml), and the spin quantum number (ms).

2. (a) For n = 3, ml = -1, the maximum number of electrons is 2. This is because for any given set of n, l, and ml values, there can be two electrons, one with a spin of +1/2 and one with a spin of -1/2.

3. (b) For n = 4, l = 2, the maximum number of electrons is 10. This is because the magnetic quantum number ml can have values from -l to +l, so for l = 2, ml can be -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2. Each of these 5 ml values can have two electrons (one with spin up and one with spin down), so the total is 5*2 = 10 electrons.

4. (c) For n = 4, l = 3, ml = -2, the maximum number of electrons is 2. Similar to part (a), for any given set of n, l, and ml values, there can be two electrons, one with a spin of +1/2 and one with a spin of -1/2.

5. (d) For n = 5, l = 2, ml = 0, the maximum number of electrons is 2. Again, for any given set of n, l, and ml values, there can be two electrons, one with a spin of +1/2 and one with a spin of -1/2.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers are a set of numerical values that describe the unique quantum state of an electron in an atom. They include the principal quantum number (n), which indicates the energy level; the azimuthal quantum number (l), which defines the shape of the orbital; the magnetic quantum number (ml), which specifies the orientation of the orbital; and the spin quantum number (ms), which describes the electron's spin direction.

Electron Capacity of Orbitals

Each type of orbital can hold a specific maximum number of electrons. The s, p, d, and f orbitals can hold 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons, respectively. The maximum number of electrons in a given energy level (n) can be calculated using the formula 2n², which helps determine how many electrons can occupy the orbitals defined by the quantum numbers.

Allowed Combinations of Quantum Numbers

Not all combinations of quantum numbers are permissible due to specific rules. For instance, the azimuthal quantum number (l) must be less than the principal quantum number (n), and the magnetic quantum number (ml) must range from -l to +l. Understanding these restrictions is crucial for determining the maximum number of electrons that can exist in a given state defined by the quantum numbers.

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(a) What are 'valence electrons'?

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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each of the following subshells? (a) 3s, (b) 2p, (c) 4d, (d) 5s.

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An experiment called the Stern–Gerlach experiment helped establish the existence of electron spin. In this experiment, a beam of silver atoms is passed through a magnetic field, which deflects half of the silver atoms in one direction and half in the opposite direction. The separation between the two beams increases as the strength of the magnetic field increases. (c) Would this experiment work for a beam of fluorine (F) atoms?

Textbook Question

An experiment called the Stern–Gerlach experiment helped establish the existence of electron spin. In this experiment, a beam of silver atoms is passed through a magnetic field, which deflects half of the silver atoms in one direction and half in the opposite direction. The separation between the two beams increases as the strength of the magnetic field increases. (a) What is the electron configuration for a silver atom?

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(b) What are 'core electrons'?