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General Chemistry: Atomic Structure & Bonding

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  • Primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds

    Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming ions. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms.

  • Atomic number of an element with 11 protons

    The atomic number is 11, equal to the number of protons.

  • Mass number of an element with 11 protons and 12 neutrons

    The mass number is 23, the sum of protons and neutrons (11 + 12).

  • Why do noble gases rarely form chemical bonds?

    Noble gases have a full valence electron shell, making them chemically stable and unlikely to bond.

  • Balanced chemical equation for hydrogen and oxygen forming water

    Balanced equation: \(2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O\)

  • pH indication of a substance with pH 2

    A pH of 2 indicates the substance is a strong acid.