Textbook Question
When ammonium chloride dissolves in water, the solution becomes colder. (a) Is the solution process exothermic or endothermic?
Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement177
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions231
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry216
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution189
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry175
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms168
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements150
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding177
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories200
- Ch.10 - Gases179
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces113
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials154
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions157
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics199
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium128
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria164
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria163
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment105
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics164
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry171
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry122
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals82
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry79
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry16
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 13, Problem 18.8
The first stage of treatment at the reverse osmosis plant in Carlsbad, California, is to flow the water through rock, sand, and gravel as shown here. Would this step remove particulate matter? Would this step remove dissolved salts?
[Section 18.4]
Verified step by step guidance1
The first step in understanding this problem is to recognize the purpose of flowing water through rock, sand, and gravel. This process is known as filtration.
Filtration is primarily used to remove particulate matter, which includes larger particles such as sand, silt, and organic material.
Particulate matter is physically trapped by the layers of rock, sand, and gravel, effectively removing it from the water.
However, dissolved salts are ions that are too small to be captured by physical filtration methods like those involving rock, sand, and gravel.
Therefore, while this step is effective at removing particulate matter, it does not remove dissolved salts from the water.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Filtration
Filtration is a physical separation process that removes solid particles from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass while retaining the solid. In the context of reverse osmosis plants, the initial filtration through rock, sand, and gravel effectively removes larger particulate matter, such as sediments and debris, ensuring that the water is cleaner before further treatment.
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Filtration and Evaporation
Dissolved Salts
Dissolved salts refer to ionic compounds that have dissociated into their constituent ions in a solution. Common examples include sodium chloride (table salt) and calcium carbonate. The filtration process through rock, sand, and gravel does not remove dissolved salts, as these ions are too small to be captured by the solid filter media, necessitating further treatment methods like reverse osmosis to effectively eliminate them.
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Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water. In this process, water is forced through the membrane under pressure, allowing only water molecules to pass while rejecting dissolved salts and contaminants. This step is crucial for removing dissolved salts that were not eliminated during the initial filtration stage.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
When ammonium chloride dissolves in water, the solution becomes colder. (b) Why does the solution form?
Textbook Question
An ionic compound has a very negative ∆Hsoln in water (b) Which term would you expect to be the largest negative number: ∆Hsolvent, ∆Hsolute, or ∆Hmix?
Textbook Question
Indicate the principal type of solute–solvent interaction in each of the following solutions and rank the solutions from weakest to strongest solute–solvent interaction: (c) methanol (CH3OH) in water
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