BackIntracellular messnegers: Hormones and Nitric Oxide definitions
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1/14BackSkip to main contentBackHormone
A molecule that diffuses across the plasma membrane to bind specific intracellular receptors, triggering gene regulation. Steroid hormone
A lipid-soluble signaling molecule that binds to nuclear receptors, initiating transcriptional changes in target cells. Plasma membrane
A cellular barrier that certain small, nonpolar molecules like hormones and nitric oxide can cross without assistance. Intracellular receptor
A protein inside the cell that binds signaling molecules, leading to downstream effects such as gene expression changes. Nuclear receptor
A cytosolic or nuclear protein that, upon ligand binding, translocates to the nucleus to regulate transcription. Cytosol
The fluid component of the cell where some nuclear receptors reside before activation and nuclear translocation. Transcriptional regulator
A molecule that modulates gene expression by interacting with specific DNA regulatory sites in the nucleus. DNA regulatory site
A specific DNA sequence where activated nuclear receptors bind to control gene transcription. Nitric oxide
A gaseous signaling molecule that diffuses into cells and activates intracellular proteins, influencing diverse pathways. Intracellular signaling protein
A protein within the cell that interacts with small messengers like nitric oxide to propagate cellular responses. Muscle relaxation
A physiological effect in blood vessels triggered by nitric oxide signaling, leading to vessel dilation. Guanylate cyclase
An enzyme activated by nitric oxide that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP. Cyclic GMP
A second messenger produced by guanylate cyclase, mediating effects such as those seen with Viagra. Gene expression
The process by which information from DNA is used to synthesize functional gene products, regulated by nuclear receptors.
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