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Ch. 7 - Logarithmic, Exponential Functions, and Hyperbolic Functions
Briggs - Calculus: Early Transcendentals 3rd Edition
Briggs3rd EditionCalculus: Early TranscendentalsISBN: 9780136847243Not the one you use?Change textbook
All textbooksBriggs 3rd EditionCh. 7 - Logarithmic, Exponential Functions, and Hyperbolic FunctionsProblem 7.2.27
Chapter 7, Problem 7.2.27

27–30. Designing exponential decay functions Devise an exponential decay function that fits the following data; then answer the accompanying questions. Be sure to identify the reference point (t = 0) and units of time.


Crime rate The homicide rate decreases at a rate of 3%/yr in a city that had 800 homicides/yr in 2018. At this rate, when will the homicide rate reach 600 homicides/yr?

Verified step by step guidance
1
Identify the reference point and variables: Let \( t = 0 \) correspond to the year 2018, and let \( H(t) \) represent the homicide rate (in homicides per year) at time \( t \) years after 2018.
Write the general form of the exponential decay function: Since the homicide rate decreases by 3% per year, the decay factor per year is \( 1 - 0.03 = 0.97 \). Thus, the function can be expressed as \( H(t) = H_0 \times (0.97)^t \), where \( H_0 = 800 \) is the initial homicide rate at \( t = 0 \).
Set up the equation to find when the homicide rate reaches 600: We want to find \( t \) such that \( H(t) = 600 \). Substitute into the function to get \( 600 = 800 \times (0.97)^t \).
Isolate the exponential term: Divide both sides by 800 to get \( \frac{600}{800} = (0.97)^t \), which simplifies to \( 0.75 = (0.97)^t \).
Solve for \( t \) using logarithms: Take the natural logarithm of both sides to obtain \( \ln(0.75) = t \times \ln(0.97) \). Then solve for \( t \) by dividing both sides by \( \ln(0.97) \), giving \( t = \frac{\ln(0.75)}{\ln(0.97)} \).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Exponential Decay Function

An exponential decay function models quantities that decrease at a rate proportional to their current value. It is generally expressed as N(t) = N_0 * e^(-kt), where N_0 is the initial amount, k is the decay constant, and t is time. This function helps predict future values based on a constant percentage decrease over time.
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Decay Rate and Decay Constant

The decay rate is the percentage decrease per unit time, here 3% per year. The decay constant k relates to this rate through k = -ln(1 - decay rate). Understanding this relationship allows conversion from a percentage rate to the exponential model's parameter, enabling accurate function formulation.
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Solving for Time in Exponential Decay

To find when the quantity reaches a specific value, set the exponential decay function equal to that value and solve for time t. This involves isolating t using logarithms, typically natural logs, to invert the exponential function. This step is crucial for predicting when the homicide rate will reach 600.
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Related Practice
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∫ₑᵉ^³ dx / (x ln x ln²(ln x))

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7–28. Derivatives Evaluate the following derivatives.


d/dx (e^{-10x²})

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Geometric means A quantity grows exponentially according to y(t) = y₀eᵏᵗ. What is the relationship among m, n, and p such that y(p) = √(y(m)y(n))?

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57–58. Two ways

Evaluate the following integrals two ways.

a. Simplify the integrand first and then integrate.

b. Change variables (let u = ln x), integrate, and then simplify your answer. Verify that both methods give the same answer.

∫ (sinh (ln x)) / x dx

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