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Recap of Adenylate Cyclase GPCR Signaling definitions

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  • Adenylate Cyclase
    Effector enzyme regulated by G proteins, catalyzing ATP conversion to cAMP, central to cellular signaling pathways.
  • GPCR
    Membrane receptor that undergoes conformational change upon ligand binding, initiating G protein activation.
  • G Protein
    Heterotrimeric complex mediating signal transduction by exchanging GDP for GTP, influencing effector enzymes.
  • cAMP
    Secondary messenger produced from ATP, allosterically activates protein kinase A to propagate cellular responses.
  • Protein Kinase A
    Heterotetrameric enzyme activated by cAMP, phosphorylates target proteins to modulate cell activity.
  • Phosphatase
    Enzyme reversing phosphorylation by removing phosphate groups, contributing to signal termination.
  • cAMP Phosphodiesterase
    Enzyme converting cAMP to AMP, reducing cAMP levels and aiding in signal termination.
  • Beta Adrenergic Receptor
    GPCR subtype binding epinephrine, triggers stimulatory signaling via G protein activation.
  • Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase
    Protein phosphorylating beta adrenergic GPCR, facilitating desensitization of receptor signaling.
  • Beta Arrestin
    Protein binding phosphorylated GPCR, mediates desensitization and inhibits further signaling.
  • Cholera Toxin
    Bacterial toxin inhibiting GTP hydrolysis in stimulatory G proteins, causing persistent adenylate cyclase activation.
  • Pertussis Toxin
    Bacterial toxin disrupting GDP-GTP exchange in inhibitory G proteins, leading to unregulated adenylate cyclase activity.
  • Allosteric Regulation
    Modulation of enzyme activity through binding at sites other than the active site, crucial for signal transduction.
  • Signal Transduction
    Process by which extracellular signals are converted into cellular responses via molecular cascades.
  • AMP
    Non-cyclic product formed from cAMP by phosphodiesterase, marking the end of secondary messenger activity.