Textbook Question
The most important factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the concentration of:
(a) Lactic acid
(b) Ketone bodies,
(c) Metabolic acids
(d) Carbon dioxide
(e) Hydrochloric acid
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Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology25
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization29
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure33
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses15
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System21
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation26
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity25
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System4
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes30
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance17
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 26, Problem 7
Changes in the pH of body fluids are compensated for by all of the following except:
(a) An increase in urine output
(b) The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
(c) The phosphate buffer system
(d) Changes in the rate and depth of breathing
(e) Protein buffers
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the role of pH regulation in body fluids. The body maintains pH within a narrow range to ensure proper cellular function, using various buffer systems and physiological mechanisms.
Step 2: Review each option to identify which mechanisms actively compensate for pH changes: (b) The carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system, (c) The phosphate buffer system, (d) Changes in the rate and depth of breathing, and (e) Protein buffers all directly help regulate pH by neutralizing acids or bases or by controlling CO2 levels.
Step 3: Analyze option (a) An increase in urine output. While the kidneys regulate acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate, simply increasing urine output without selective ion exchange does not directly compensate for pH changes.
Step 4: Conclude that the exception is the mechanism that does not specifically adjust pH through chemical buffering or respiratory control, which is (a) An increase in urine output.
Step 5: Summarize that effective pH compensation involves chemical buffers, respiratory adjustments, and selective renal ion handling, not just increased urine volume.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Buffer Systems in the Body
Buffer systems help maintain the pH balance of body fluids by neutralizing excess acids or bases. The main buffer systems include the carbonic acid–bicarbonate system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffers, each working to stabilize pH within narrow limits essential for normal cellular function.
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Buffers
Respiratory Compensation
The respiratory system regulates blood pH by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing. By increasing or decreasing CO2 exhalation, it influences the carbonic acid concentration in the blood, thus helping to correct pH imbalances quickly.
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1:38Secondary Lymphoid Organs: The Spleen Example 1
Renal Compensation and Urine Output
The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate. While they adjust urine composition to compensate for pH changes, an increase in urine output alone does not directly compensate for pH shifts; rather, it is the selective excretion or retention of ions that matters.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when:
(a) Bicarbonate ion concentrations become elevated
(b) A severe bicarbonate loss occurs
(c) The kidneys fail to excrete hydrogen ions
(d) Ketone bodies are generated in abnormally large quantities
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Textbook Question
Identify four hormones that mediate major physiological adjustments affecting fluid and electrolyte balance. What are the primary effects of each hormone?
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Textbook Question
Write the missing names and molecular formulas for the following reactions between the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system and the bicarbonate reserve.
a. ___
b. ___
c. ___
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Textbook Question
Respiratory acidosis develops when the blood pH is:
(a) Increased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level
(b) Decreased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level
(c) Increased due to an increased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level
(d) Decreased due to a decreased blood P𝒸ₒ₂ level
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Textbook Question
Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects:
(a) A balance between absorption in the gut and excretion by the kidneys
(b) Careful regulation of the blood calcium level by the kidneys
(c) An interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone,
(d) An interplay among reserves in the bones, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion
(e) Hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones
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