Textbook Question
The neurotransmitter at all synapses and neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions in the parasympathetic division of the ANS is
(a) Epinephrine
(b) Norepinephrine
(c) Cyclic-AMP
(d) Acetylcholine
Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology25
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization29
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure33
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses15
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System21
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation26
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity25
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System4
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes30
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance17
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew12th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyISBN: 9780137854011Not the one you use?Change textbook
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Martini, Nath, Bartholomew 12th EditionCh. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order FunctionsProblem 12
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew 12th EditionCh. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order FunctionsProblem 12Chapter 16, Problem 12
All preganglionic autonomic fibers release______at their axon terminals, and the effects are always_____ .
(a) norepinephrine, inhibitory
(b) norepinephrine, excitatory
(c) acetylcholine, excitatory
(d) acetylcholine, inhibitory
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that the autonomic nervous system consists of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, which release specific neurotransmitters to communicate with their target cells.
Recall that all preganglionic autonomic fibers, regardless of whether they belong to the sympathetic or parasympathetic division, release the same neurotransmitter at their axon terminals.
Identify the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic fibers, which is acetylcholine (ACh). This is a key fact in autonomic physiology.
Recognize that the effect of acetylcholine released by preganglionic fibers on the postganglionic neurons is always excitatory, meaning it stimulates the next neuron to fire.
Conclude that the correct answer must state that preganglionic autonomic fibers release acetylcholine and that the effect is excitatory.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Preganglionic Autonomic Fibers
Preganglionic autonomic fibers are nerve fibers that originate in the central nervous system and extend to autonomic ganglia. They transmit signals to postganglionic neurons, initiating autonomic responses. Understanding their neurotransmitter release is key to grasping autonomic nervous system function.
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Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
Neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released at nerve terminals to communicate with target cells. In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine and norepinephrine are primary neurotransmitters, with acetylcholine typically released by preganglionic fibers and norepinephrine by most postganglionic fibers.
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1:50Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Effects
Neurotransmitters can have excitatory effects, promoting action potentials in the target cell, or inhibitory effects, reducing the likelihood of activation. The effect depends on the receptor type and location, influencing how autonomic signals regulate organ function.
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