Textbook Question
How are the hyperglycemia and lipidemia of insulin deficiency linked?
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Ch. 16 The Endocrine System
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System10
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity28
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System18
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart22
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses29
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System20
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System30
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System25
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System23
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 15, Problem 24
Mary Morgan has just been brought into the emergency room of City General Hospital. She is perspiring profusely and is breathing rapidly and irregularly. Her breath smells like acetone (sweet and fruity), and her blood glucose tests out at 650 mg/100 ml of blood. She is in acidosis. Which hormone drug should be administered, and why?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Identify the clinical condition based on the symptoms and lab values. Mary Morgan's high blood glucose level (650 mg/100 ml), acetone-smelling breath, rapid and irregular breathing, and acidosis suggest diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication of diabetes mellitus.
Step 2: Understand the pathophysiology of DKA. In DKA, due to insufficient insulin, the body cannot use glucose properly, leading to increased fat breakdown and production of ketone bodies (like acetone), causing acidosis.
Step 3: Determine the hormone drug needed. Since the problem is caused by a lack of insulin, the appropriate hormone to administer is insulin to reduce blood glucose levels and stop ketone production.
Step 4: Explain why insulin is necessary. Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by cells, decreases blood glucose concentration, and inhibits lipolysis, thereby reducing ketone body formation and correcting acidosis.
Step 5: Note that other supportive treatments (like fluids and electrolyte replacement) are also important, but the primary hormone drug to administer in this case is insulin.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
DKA is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood glucose, acidosis, and ketone production, causing symptoms like rapid breathing and acetone-smelling breath. It results from insulin deficiency, leading to fat breakdown and ketone accumulation, which acidifies the blood.
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Role of Insulin in Glucose Regulation
Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and utilization of glucose. In DKA, insulin deficiency prevents glucose from entering cells, causing hyperglycemia and triggering fat breakdown for energy, worsening acidosis.
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Hormone Drug Treatment for DKA
The primary treatment for DKA is administration of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, stop ketone production, and correct acidosis. Insulin therapy helps restore normal metabolism and prevents further complications.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
List some problems that elderly people might have as a result of decreasing hormone production.
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Textbook Question
Name two endocrine glands (or regions) that are important in the stress response, and explain why they are important.
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Textbook Question
Kyle, a 5-year-old boy, has been growing by leaps and bounds; his height is 100% above normal for his age. He has been complaining of headaches and vision problems. A CT scan reveals a large pituitary tumor.
(a) Which hormone is being secreted in excess?
(b) What condition will Kyle exhibit if corrective measures are not taken?
(c) What is the probable cause of his headaches and visual problems?
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Textbook Question
Aaron, a 42-year-old single father, goes to his physician complaining of nausea and chronic fatigue. He reports having felt fatigued and listless for about half a year, but he had attributed this to stress. He has lost considerable weight and, strangely, his skin looks tanned, even though he spends long hours at work and rarely ventures outside. His doctor finds very low blood pressure and a rapid, weak pulse. Blood tests show that Aaron does not have anemia, but his plasma glucose, cortisol, and Na⁺ are low, and his plasma K⁺ is high. His doctor orders an ACTH stimulation test, in which Aaron's secretion of cortisol is measured after he is given a synthetic form of ACTH.
(a) What would account for Aaron's low plasma Na⁺ and high plasma K⁺ ?
(b) What is the reason for doing an ACTH stimulation test?
(c) Which gland is primarily affected if ACTH does not cause a normal elevation of cortisol secretion? What is this abnormality called?
(d) Which gland is primarily affected if ACTH does cause an elevation of cortisol secretion?
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