Textbook Question
What are the four main organs of the urinary system?
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Ch. 24 The Urinary System
Amerman2nd EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136873822
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life38
- Ch. 3 The Cell55
- Ch. 4 Histology47
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System30
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Tissue36
- Ch. 7 The Skeletal System40
- Ch. 8 Articulations19
- Ch. 9 The Muscular System36
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology29
- Ch. 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue28
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System42
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System41
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis31
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses39
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System42
- Ch. 17 The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart30
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels43
- Ch. 19 Blood32
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity45
- Ch. 21 The Respiratory System27
- Ch. 22 The Digestive System27
- Ch. 23 Metabolism and Nutrition7
- Ch. 24 The Urinary System39
- Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis39
- Ch. 26 The Reproductive System10
- Ch. 27 Development and Heredity5
Chapter 24, Problem L2.1a
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
a. Having excess proteins in the blood, increasing colloid osmotic pressure
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the concept of glomerular filtration: Glomerular filtration is the process by which the kidneys filter blood, removing waste and excess substances while retaining necessary components. It is driven by the balance of hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure across the glomerular capillaries.
Define colloid osmotic pressure: Colloid osmotic pressure (also called oncotic pressure) is the pressure exerted by proteins, such as albumin, in the blood plasma. This pressure opposes the movement of fluid out of the capillaries and into the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule.
Analyze the effect of excess proteins in the blood: Excess proteins in the blood increase the colloid osmotic pressure. This means there is a stronger force pulling water back into the capillaries from the filtrate, opposing the hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration.
Relate the increased colloid osmotic pressure to glomerular filtration rate (GFR): When colloid osmotic pressure increases, it reduces the net filtration pressure (NFP), which is the difference between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. A lower NFP results in a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Conclude the physiological impact: The increase in colloid osmotic pressure due to excess proteins in the blood would lead to a reduction in the amount of filtrate formed in the kidneys, potentially impairing the kidney's ability to remove waste and regulate fluid balance.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of how well the kidneys filter blood, specifically the volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomeruli into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. It is a crucial indicator of kidney function and is influenced by factors such as blood pressure, blood flow, and the composition of blood, including protein levels.
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Glomerular Filtration Rate
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that helps to retain water within the circulatory system. When there is an increase in colloid osmotic pressure, such as from excess proteins in the blood, it can counteract the hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli, thereby reducing the net filtration pressure and potentially decreasing the GFR.
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Starling Forces
Starling forces refer to the physical forces that govern the movement of fluid across capillary membranes, including hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. In the context of glomerular filtration, these forces determine the net filtration pressure, which is essential for understanding how changes in blood composition, like increased protein levels, can affect the filtration process in the kidneys.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
c. Having high arterial blood pressure (hypertension)
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Textbook Question
Predict the effects the following scenarios would have on glomerular filtration:
b. Having low arterial blood pressure (hypotension)
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Textbook Question
Which of the following is not a physiological process carried out by the kidneys?
a. Blood pressure regulation
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
d. Glomerular filtration
e. All of the above are physiological processes carried out by the kidneys.
Textbook Question
Trace the pathway taken by a molecule of urea through the kidney from the glomerulus to the renal pelvis if the urea is recycled.
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Textbook Question
Explain why urinary tract infections, which involve the urethra and urinary bladder, are much more common in females than males.
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