Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
c. Smooth muscle of the stomach contracts when food enters from the esophagus.
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Ch. 22 The Digestive System
Amerman2nd EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136873822
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life38
- Ch. 3 The Cell55
- Ch. 4 Histology47
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System30
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Tissue36
- Ch. 7 The Skeletal System40
- Ch. 8 Articulations19
- Ch. 9 The Muscular System36
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology29
- Ch. 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue28
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System42
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System41
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis31
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses39
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System42
- Ch. 17 The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart30
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels43
- Ch. 19 Blood32
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity45
- Ch. 21 The Respiratory System27
- Ch. 22 The Digestive System27
- Ch. 23 Metabolism and Nutrition7
- Ch. 24 The Urinary System39
- Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis39
- Ch. 26 The Reproductive System10
- Ch. 27 Development and Heredity5
Chapter 22, Problem 21
Which of the following occurs/occur during the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion?
a. Stimulation of gastrin and histamine release
b. Direct stimulation of parietal cells
c. Inhibition of somatostatin release
d. Both a and b are correct
e. All of the above are correct
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion: This phase is triggered by the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food. It is a neural response mediated by the vagus nerve, which stimulates the stomach to prepare for digestion.
Identify the key players in gastric acid secretion: Gastrin, histamine, and parietal cells are involved in stimulating acid production, while somatostatin inhibits acid secretion.
Analyze option (a): Stimulation of gastrin and histamine release occurs during the cephalic phase as the vagus nerve activates G cells (to release gastrin) and enterochromaffin-like cells (to release histamine).
Analyze option (b): Direct stimulation of parietal cells also occurs during the cephalic phase via acetylcholine released by the vagus nerve, which binds to receptors on parietal cells to promote acid secretion.
Analyze option (c): Inhibition of somatostatin release occurs because somatostatin normally suppresses acid secretion, and during the cephalic phase, the vagus nerve inhibits D cells (which produce somatostatin) to allow acid production to proceed. Based on this, evaluate whether all options (a, b, and c) are correct.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Cephalic Phase of Digestion
The cephalic phase of digestion is the initial stage of gastric secretion triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food. This phase prepares the stomach for food intake by stimulating the release of gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, even before food enters the stomach.
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Gastrin and Histamine Release
Gastrin is a hormone produced by G cells in the stomach lining that stimulates gastric acid secretion. Histamine, released by enterochromaffin-like cells, enhances the action of gastrin by binding to H2 receptors on parietal cells, leading to increased acid production. Both are crucial for effective digestion during the cephalic phase.
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Parietal Cells and Acid Secretion
Parietal cells are specialized cells located in the gastric mucosa responsible for producing hydrochloric acid (HCl). During the cephalic phase, these cells are directly stimulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, leading to increased acid secretion, which is essential for the digestion of food and maintaining an acidic environment in the stomach.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
How does absorption of lipids differ from absorption of carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine?
a. Lipids are absorbed into a capillary; carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into a lacteal.
b. Lipids are not absorbed in the small intestine.
c. Lipids are absorbed into a lacteal; carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into a capillary.
d. They are all absorbed into the same structure.
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Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
b. The esophageal and pharyngeal phases of swallowing are mediated by the swallowing reflex of the brainstem and the enteric nervous system.
Textbook Question
Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement is false, correct it to make a true statement.
e. During eating, the small intestine exhibits motion in the migrating motor complex pattern.
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