Textbook Question
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse:
a. directly on target cells.
b. on skeletal muscle fibers.
c. on sympathetic chain or collateral ganglia.
d. on vagal ganglia.
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Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis
Amerman2nd EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136873822
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemistry of Life38
- Ch. 3 The Cell55
- Ch. 4 Histology47
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System30
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Tissue36
- Ch. 7 The Skeletal System40
- Ch. 8 Articulations19
- Ch. 9 The Muscular System36
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue and Physiology29
- Ch. 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue28
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System42
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System41
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis31
- Ch. 15 The Special Senses39
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System42
- Ch. 17 The Cardiovascular System I: The Heart30
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels43
- Ch. 19 Blood32
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity45
- Ch. 21 The Respiratory System27
- Ch. 22 The Digestive System27
- Ch. 23 Metabolism and Nutrition7
- Ch. 24 The Urinary System39
- Ch. 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis39
- Ch. 26 The Reproductive System10
- Ch. 27 Development and Heredity5
Chapter 14, Problem L3.A3
Mr. Chevalier has been diagnosed with Horner syndrome, which is caused by dysfunction of the sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion that innervate structures of the head, face, and neck. What symptoms is Mr. Chevalier likely to face due to his disease? Explain.
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the superior cervical ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion is part of the sympathetic nervous system and provides innervation to structures in the head, face, and neck, including the eyes, sweat glands, and blood vessels.
Recognize the symptoms associated with Horner syndrome. Horner syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic innervation, leading to characteristic symptoms such as ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side of the face.
Explain the mechanism behind ptosis. Ptosis occurs because the sympathetic nerves normally stimulate the superior tarsal muscle, which helps elevate the upper eyelid. Dysfunction of these nerves leads to drooping of the eyelid.
Describe the cause of miosis. Miosis happens because the sympathetic nerves are responsible for dilating the pupil. When these nerves are impaired, the parasympathetic system dominates, causing the pupil to remain constricted.
Discuss the reason for anhidrosis. Anhidrosis occurs due to the loss of sympathetic stimulation to the sweat glands on the affected side of the face, resulting in reduced or absent sweating.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Horner Syndrome
Horner syndrome is a neurological condition resulting from disruption of sympathetic nerve pathways, particularly affecting the eye and surrounding structures. It is characterized by a triad of symptoms: ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the affected side of the face. Understanding this syndrome is crucial for recognizing its clinical manifestations and underlying causes.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response. It prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and inhibiting digestion. Dysfunction in this system, particularly in the superior cervical ganglion, can lead to the symptoms observed in Horner syndrome, highlighting the importance of sympathetic pathways in regulating facial and ocular functions.
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Superior Cervical Ganglion
The superior cervical ganglion is the largest of the sympathetic ganglia and is located in the neck. It plays a critical role in innervating structures in the head and neck, including the eyes, salivary glands, and sweat glands. Damage or dysfunction in this ganglion can lead to the characteristic symptoms of Horner syndrome, making it essential to understand its anatomy and function in relation to sympathetic nervous system disorders.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
Describe all the changes initiated by the parasympathetic nervous system that will take place when you finish the race. How will these changes maintain homeostasis?
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Textbook Question
Which cranial nerves would be affected by a drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system? Predict potential adverse effects that one might experience.
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Textbook Question
A patient, Dr. Young, has both asthma and high blood pressure. Her physician prescribed the drug propranolol to treat her hypertension; this drug blocks all types of β-adrenergic receptors. She also takes the drug albuterol for asthma, which activates β2 receptors on bronchial smooth muscle. Will the pairing of these two drugs cause problems for Dr. Young? Explain.
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Textbook Question
Common findings in heart failure are fluid retention by the kidneys and stimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nervous system. How would both of these findings help the body to compensate for the failing heart?
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Textbook Question
The poison curare (kyoo-RAH-ray) blocks the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors at the neuromuscular junction. What effects would you predict from such a poison? Can you think of any useful applications for it? Why might an overdose of it be lethal?
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